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Security report for unibocconi.it

Università Bocconi · Education · Italy

Medium risk. 6 critical or high findings in GDPR outside view and Security headers.

Security score

71/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

Università Bocconi is a prestigious Italian university specializing in social sciences, economics, finance, management, law, political science, and data/computer science with a focus on AI. The website reflects a mature digital presence with a modern Drupal 10 CMS, good mobile optimization, and comprehensive content tailored to students, academics, and professionals. Security posture is strong with HTTPS, CSP nonce, and secure form handling, though explicit incident response and vulnerability disclosure policies are not published. Privacy and cookie policies are present and GDPR compliant. Overall, the site is trustworthy, professional, and well-aligned with the university's brand and mission.

Scanned

This is an earlier scan of unibocconi.it. View the latest report

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
10/ 100 · Critical
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

6 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • Critical

      EU business without adequate privacy measures

      EU businesses are subject to strict GDPR requirements

      What to do: Implement comprehensive GDPR compliance including privacy policy, cookie consent, and data protection measures

    • High

      No Privacy Policy found

      GDPR requires a clear and accessible privacy policy

      What to do: Add a comprehensive privacy policy page and link to it prominently

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

    • High

      No Cookie Consent Banner found

      GDPR requires explicit consent for non-essential cookies

      What to do: Implement a cookie consent banner that appears on first visit

  2. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…

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Keep watching unibocconi.it

This scan found 19 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
100
Security headers
65
Email security
80
DNS health
70
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
10
Average
71

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Breach exposure

Leaked credentials and lookalike domains from OffSeq Breach. The counts are free; the detailed lists are paid add-ons.

Dark web exposure

Add-on

Leaked records that mention unibocconi.it, from OffSeq Breach.

Total records
11,787
Employees
12
Customers
11,420
Third parties
355
Weak passwords
10%

Latest record dated 2026-06-02 · 169 subdomains affected

See the 10 newest leaked credentials

A one-off add-on to this report that lists the most recent identifier and password pairs OffSeq Breach holds for unibocconi.it.

Select it in the checkout above.

Masked preview

  • –sts.unibocconi.it2026-06-02
  • –sspr.unibocconi.it2026-05-25
  • –sts.unibocconi.it2026-05-25
  • –idp.unibocconi.it2026-05-15
  • –esse3pa.unibocconi.it2026-05-13

Breach keeps ingesting new leaks, so these numbers can grow between scans.

Open in Breach(opens in a new tab)Monitor on Breach(opens in a new tab)

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

The university holds a leading position in European higher education for social sciences. Its business model revolves around education, research, and executive training. The website supports multiple audiences including prospective and current students, faculty, alumni, and partners. The presence of dedicated portals for giving, alumni, and campus virtual tours indicates a broad ecosystem. The university's long history and consistent domain registration reinforce its credibility. Marketing and analytics tools are used responsibly with privacy compliance.

Security posture

The site employs HTTPS with good SSL configuration and security headers including CSP with nonce. Forms use CSRF tokens and no sensitive data is exposed in HTML. However, the absence of a public incident response or vulnerability disclosure policy and security.txt file is a gap. No known vulnerabilities or malicious scripts were detected. The security score is strong but could be improved by publishing explicit security policies and enhancing header coverage.

Recommendations

  1. Publish an incident response and vulnerability disclosure policy page to improve transparency and security readiness.
  2. Add a security.txt file at the root domain to facilitate responsible vulnerability reporting.
  3. Ensure all recommended security headers (X-Frame-Options, X-Content-Type-Options) are explicitly set and documented.
  4. Regularly audit third-party scripts and libraries for vulnerabilities and update them promptly.
  5. Consider publishing contact details for the Data Protection Officer to enhance GDPR compliance and user trust.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
Università Bocconi
Description
La Bocconi è tra le principali università europee specializzate nelle scienze sociali, con un'offerta che comprende le aree di economia, finanza, management, studi giuridici, scienze politiche, data e computer science con una crescente attenzione all'intelligenza artificiale.
Key services
Undergraduate and graduate degree programs, Research activities, Executive education, Campus facilities and student services
Content quality
excellent
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
Drupal 10, Google Tag Manager, Google Analytics, Iubenda cookie consent
Frameworks
Drupal
Performance
moderate
Mobile
good
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
85/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enforced
  • Use of CSP nonce
  • Secure forms with CSRF tokens
  • No exposed sensitive data in HTML

Analytics and tracking

Services
Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager
Tracking level
moderate
Privacy practices
good

Advertising

Marketing tools
Iubenda cookie consent
Transparency
good

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
excellent
Navigation
excellent
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is professionally designed and well maintained
  2. Content is comprehensive and relevant to the university's mission
  3. Good implementation of privacy and cookie policies with consent mechanisms
  4. Use of modern web technologies and CMS (Drupal 10)
  5. Secure HTTPS connection with CSP nonce and other security measures
  6. No signs of malicious or suspicious activity
  7. Clear navigation structure with multi-language support (Italian and English)
  8. Presence of official social and partner links
  9. No explicit contact emails or phone numbers found in the main HTML but contact page exists
Technical notes

Notes

The website is built on Drupal 10, a modern and secure CMS platform. It uses Google Tag Manager and Google Analytics for marketing and analytics, and Iubenda for cookie consent management. The site is mobile optimized with responsive design and accessibility features. Performance is moderate, likely due to rich media content such as videos and sliders. The use of CSP nonce and secure form tokens indicates good security hygiene. There is room for improvement in hosting transparency and performance optimization.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

Earlier scans of this domain

  1. 83/100Low25 findingsView report
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