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Security report for kedge.edu

KEDGE Business School · Education · France

Low risk. 4 critical or high findings in Security headers, GDPR outside view and 1 other check.

Security score

76/100

Risk levelLow

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

KEDGE Business School is a prominent French business and management school with campuses in Marseille, Bordeaux, Paris, and Toulon. It offers a range of academic programs including bachelor, master, and specialized master's degrees targeting students, professionals, companies, alumni, and candidates. The school holds triple accreditation (AACSB, EQUIS, AMBA), reinforcing its market position and reputation in higher education. The website reflects a mature digital presence with comprehensive content, clear navigation, and professional branding consistent with its educational mission. Technically, the site employs modern analytics and marketing tools such as Google Tag Manager, Hotjar, Kameleoon, and Plausible Analytics, integrated with a GDPR-compliant cookie consent mechanism via OneTrust. Security posture is strong with HTTPS enforced and appropriate security headers, though there is room for improvement in publishing explicit security policies and incident response information. WHOIS data aligns well with the business claims, showing transparency and legitimacy. Overall, the website is professional, secure, and compliant, supporting KEDGE's credibility as a leading educational institution.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
65/ 100 · Medium
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

4 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing X-Frame-Options header

      Prevents clickjacking attacks

      What to do: Add "X-Frame-Options: DENY" or "X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN"

  2. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • High

      No Privacy Policy found

      GDPR requires a clear and accessible privacy policy

      What to do: Add a comprehensive privacy policy page and link to it prominently

    • High

      Third-party services without privacy policy

      Detected services: Google Analytics, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube

      What to do: Document all third-party data sharing in your privacy policy

  3. SSL/TLS

    TLS encrypts the connection and proves the site is really yours. Weak or expiring certificates trigger browser warnings and put traffic at risk.

    • High

      Weak Protocols Supported

      Server supports weak protocols: TLSv1.1

      What to do: Disable TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, and all SSL versions

      • CWE-327
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V12.1.1

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching kedge.edu

This scan found 18 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
67
Security headers
55
Email security
85
DNS health
85
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
65
Average
76

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

KEDGE Business School operates in the education sector, focusing on business and management training. Its business model centers on delivering academic programs and professional training, supported by a strong alumni network and corporate partnerships. The school targets a diverse audience including students, working professionals, companies, and alumni, indicating a broad market reach. The presence of multiple campuses and accreditations suggests a large organizational size and significant market presence in France and internationally. The website's integration with partner platforms such as JobTeaser and alumni portals indicates a well-developed ecosystem supporting career services and community engagement. The business shows growth potential through digital channels and maintains a strong brand identity consistent with its educational mission.

Security posture

The website demonstrates a solid security posture with HTTPS enabled and a suite of security headers implemented, including HSTS, CSP, X-Content-Type-Options, and others. No exposed sensitive data or vulnerable libraries were detected in the HTML content. Forms appear to be securely implemented with standard input fields. However, the absence of a publicly accessible security policy or incident response page limits transparency in security governance. No security.txt file or dedicated vulnerability disclosure mechanism was found, which could be improved to enhance security communication. Overall, the site is secure but could benefit from enhanced security documentation and incident response readiness disclosures.

Recommendations

  1. Publish a dedicated security policy page outlining security practices and controls.
  2. Establish and publicize an incident response contact channel, such as security@ or abuse@ email addresses.
  3. Implement a security.txt file to facilitate responsible vulnerability disclosure.
  4. Regularly review and update third-party scripts to ensure no vulnerabilities are introduced.
  5. Enhance transparency by providing data retention policies related to analytics and user data.

Contact details published on the site

Addresses
Legal name
KEDGE Business School
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
KEDGE Business School
Description
KEDGE est une grande école de commerce et de management basée à Marseille, Bordeaux, Paris et Toulon. Elle dispense des formations bachelor, master, mastère spécialisé.
Key services
Formations bachelor, Formations master, Mastères spécialisés, Services aux étudiants, Formation continue
Content quality
excellent
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
JavaScript, Google Tag Manager, Hotjar, Kameleoon, Plausible Analytics, OneTrust Cookie Consent
Frameworks
Custom CMS or framework (not explicitly detected), Kameleoon A/B testing
Platforms
Web
Performance
moderate
Mobile
good
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
85/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enforced
  • Use of security headers
  • No exposed sensitive data in HTML
  • Secure forms with proper input fields

Analytics and tracking

Services
Google Tag Manager, Hotjar, Plausible Analytics
Tracking level
moderate
Privacy practices
good

Advertising

Tracking pixels
Hotjar, Plausible Analytics
Marketing tools
Kameleoon
Transparency
good

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
excellent
Navigation
excellent
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is professionally designed and well-structured.
  2. Strong focus on education and business school services.
  3. Good use of modern analytics and marketing tools with consent mechanisms.
  4. No signs of malicious or suspicious activity.
  5. Comprehensive privacy and cookie policies present.
  6. No public security policy or incident response page found.
  7. WHOIS data supports legitimacy and transparency.
Technical notes

Notes

The website uses a modern technology stack with JavaScript-based analytics and marketing tools including Google Tag Manager, Hotjar, Kameleoon for A/B testing, and Plausible Analytics for privacy-focused tracking. Cookie consent is managed via OneTrust, indicating compliance with privacy regulations. The site is mobile-optimized with responsive design and accessibility features such as skip links and ARIA labels. Performance is moderate, with preloading of fonts and stylesheets to improve load times. The CMS or framework is not explicitly identified, suggesting a custom or proprietary solution. Hosting details are not explicit but appear stable and secure. Opportunities exist to improve technical documentation and security disclosures to further reduce technical risks.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

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