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Security report for escpeurope.eu

ESCP Business School · Education · France

Medium risk. 7 critical or high findings in GDPR outside view and Security headers.

Security score

61/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

ESCP Business School is a prestigious, top-ranked European business school established in 1819, offering a wide range of degree programs including bachelor, master, MBA, executive education, and doctoral programs across six European campuses. The website reflects a mature digital presence with a professional design, clear navigation, and comprehensive content targeting students and professionals seeking business education. Technically, the site is built on Drupal 10 with modern JavaScript libraries and integrates marketing and analytics tools such as Google Tag Manager and Consent Manager. However, the security posture is weak due to the absence of a valid SSL certificate and lack of modern TLS protocols, which significantly impacts the overall security score. Privacy compliance is well addressed with visible privacy and cookie policies and consent mechanisms. Overall, the site is trustworthy and professional but requires urgent improvements in SSL/TLS implementation to secure user data and improve trust.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
0/ 100 · Critical
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

7 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • Critical

      EU business without adequate privacy measures

      EU businesses are subject to strict GDPR requirements

      What to do: Implement comprehensive GDPR compliance including privacy policy, cookie consent, and data protection measures

    • High

      No Privacy Policy found

      GDPR requires a clear and accessible privacy policy

      What to do: Add a comprehensive privacy policy page and link to it prominently

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

  2. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Strict-Transport-Security header

      Forces HTTPS connections

      What to do: Add "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

      • CWE-319
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V3.4.1
    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
90
Security headers
40
Email security
50
DNS health
85
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
0
Average
61

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

The business model focuses on higher education and executive training with a strong European multi-campus approach, serving a diverse international student body. The school holds multiple prestigious accreditations (AACSB, EQUIS, EFMD) and maintains active partnerships and alumni networks. The website supports this with detailed program offerings, events, news, and corporate services. The target audience includes students at various education levels and corporate clients for executive education. The institution demonstrates strong branding consistency and trust indicators, positioning itself as a leader in European business education.

Security posture

The current security maturity is low due to the lack of a valid SSL certificate and disabled TLS protocols, exposing the site to risks such as data interception and user mistrust. While some security headers like X-Content-Type-Options and X-Frame-Options are present, critical best practices such as HSTS, OCSP stapling, and session resumption are missing. No explicit security policy or incident response information is found, and no vulnerability disclosure or security.txt file is present. These gaps indicate a need for enhanced security governance and technical controls to protect the institution's digital assets and user data.

Recommendations

  1. Install and maintain a valid SSL/TLS certificate to enable HTTPS across the entire site.
  2. Enable and enforce modern TLS protocols (TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3) to secure communications.
  3. Implement HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) with includeSubDomains and preload options.
  4. Enable OCSP stapling to improve certificate revocation checking performance and security.
  5. Develop and publish a formal security policy and incident response plan accessible on the website.
  6. Establish a vulnerability disclosure program and publish a security.txt file to facilitate responsible reporting.
  7. Review and enhance privacy compliance documentation, including data retention policies.
  8. Improve contact information visibility by adding verified company emails and phone numbers.
  9. Regularly audit and update third-party scripts and libraries to avoid vulnerabilities.
  10. Enhance performance monitoring and optimization to improve user experience.

Contact details published on the site

Addresses
Technical notes

Notes

The website is powered by Drupal 10 CMS, leveraging jQuery and Slick Carousel for interactive UI components. It uses Google Tag Manager for analytics and Consent Manager for cookie consent, indicating compliance with privacy regulations. The hosting IP suggests Amazon AWS infrastructure. Performance metrics are not provided but the site appears moderately optimized with responsive design and accessibility considerations. However, the absence of valid SSL/TLS and disabled modern protocols represent significant technical risks. The site uses multiple external resources including Google Fonts and social media integrations. JavaScript libraries are loaded properly, and the site includes SEO-friendly meta tags and structured navigation menus.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

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