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Security report for edhec.edu

EDHEC Business School · Education · France

Medium risk. 7 critical or high findings in Security headers, GDPR outside view and 1 other check.

Security score

71/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

EDHEC Business School is a prominent French higher education institution specializing in business and management education with campuses in Lille, Paris, Nice, and international locations. The website presents a comprehensive offering of degree programs including BBA, Grande École, Masters of Science, MBA, and Executive Education, targeting students, recruiters, and academic partners. The site is built on Drupal 11, employs modern web technologies, and integrates Google Tag Manager and a consent management platform (Axeptio) to address privacy compliance. Security posture is moderate with HTTPS usage but lacks visible security headers and explicit security policies. WHOIS data is missing, which raises concerns about domain registration transparency but does not detract from the professional presentation and trustworthiness of the site content. Overall, the website is well-designed, accessible, and professionally maintained, serving a large educational institution audience.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
35/ 100 · High
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

7 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Strict-Transport-Security header

      Forces HTTPS connections

      What to do: Add "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

      • CWE-319
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V3.4.1
    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…

  2. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • High

      No Privacy Policy found

      GDPR requires a clear and accessible privacy policy

      What to do: Add a comprehensive privacy policy page and link to it prominently

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

    • High

      No Cookie Consent Banner found

      GDPR requires explicit consent for non-essential cookies

      What to do: Implement a cookie consent banner that appears on first visit

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching edhec.edu

This scan found 19 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

Daily monitoring

Recommended

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
82
Security headers
40
Email security
85
DNS health
85
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
35
Average
71

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

EDHEC holds a strong market position as a leading European business school with international partnerships and accreditations. Its business model focuses on delivering high-quality education and executive training, supported by research centers and a global alumni network. The institution targets prospective students, recruiters, and corporate partners. The website reflects a mature digital presence with clear navigation, multilingual support, and integration of marketing and analytics tools. The absence of explicit contact details and privacy policies on the main site suggests areas for improvement in transparency and user trust. The domain's missing WHOIS data is unusual for such an established entity and should be investigated further.

Security posture

The website uses HTTPS and a consent management platform, indicating baseline security and privacy awareness. However, the lack of visible security headers (e.g., CSP, HSTS) and absence of published security policies or incident response contacts limit the security maturity level. No vulnerabilities or exposed sensitive data were detected in the analyzed content. The missing WHOIS data reduces confidence in domain legitimacy verification. Overall, the security posture is moderate but could be enhanced by implementing recommended best practices and transparency measures.

Recommendations

  1. Publish a clear and accessible privacy policy and terms of service pages.
  2. Implement and verify HTTP security headers such as Content-Security-Policy, Strict-Transport-Security, X-Frame-Options, and X-Content-Type-Options.
  3. Provide explicit contact information including emails and phone numbers for general and security-related inquiries.
  4. Add a vulnerability disclosure policy or security.txt file to facilitate responsible reporting.
  5. Investigate and resolve the missing WHOIS data issue to improve domain registration transparency and trust.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
EDHEC Business School
Description
L'EDHEC est une grande école de commerce située à Lille, Paris ou Nice mais également dans les grandes villes du monde. Global MBA, Master of Science Programmes, Bachelor, Master
Key services
BBA programs, Grande École program, Masters of Science (MSc), MBA & EMBA, Executive Education, Research and faculty activities
Content quality
excellent
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
Drupal 11, Google Tag Manager, Axeptio Consent Management, Font Awesome, Google Fonts
Frameworks
Drupal CMS
Performance
moderate
Mobile
good
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
70/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS usage (implied by canonical URL https://www.edhec.edu/fr)
  • Consent management platform for cookies

Analytics and tracking

Services
Google Tag Manager
Tracking level
moderate
Privacy practices
basic

Advertising

Ad networks
Google Ads (AW- IDs)
Marketing tools
Axeptio Consent Management
Transparency
good

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
excellent
Navigation
excellent
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is fully accessible with rich content and navigation.
  2. No signs of WAF or blocking mechanisms.
  3. WHOIS data is missing, which reduces trust in domain registration transparency.
  4. Strong branding and consistent professional content.
  5. Consent management platform is implemented, indicating GDPR awareness.
  6. No explicit privacy policy or terms of service pages detected in the provided content.
  7. No direct contact emails or phone numbers found in the analyzed HTML snippet.
  8. Use of modern web technologies and frameworks.
  9. Presence of Google Ads and tracking scripts with consent mechanism.
Technical notes

Notes

The website is built on Drupal 11 CMS, leveraging modern front-end technologies including Google Fonts and Font Awesome icons. It integrates Google Tag Manager for analytics and advertising, and Axeptio for cookie consent management, demonstrating compliance efforts with GDPR. The site is mobile-optimized and accessible with good SEO practices including meta tags and canonical URLs. Performance is moderate, with asynchronous loading of scripts. No hosting provider or server details were identified from the provided content. Technical debt appears low, but security header implementation and WHOIS transparency are areas for improvement.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

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