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Security report for doi.org

DOI Foundation · Technology · N/a

Medium risk. 5 critical or high findings in Security headers and GDPR outside view.

Security score

69/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

The DOI Foundation is a well-established non-profit organization responsible for governing the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system globally. It acts as the registration authority for the ISO 26324 standard and supports a broad community including scholarly publishing, entertainment, and research data sectors. The website reflects a professional and authoritative presence with clear information about the organization's mission, community, and services. The target audience includes registration agencies and users of DOI infrastructure worldwide. Technically, the website is built using modern technologies such as the Hugo static site generator, Bootstrap 5, jQuery, and Google Charts, ensuring fast performance and good mobile optimization. The site uses HTTPS and secure form submissions, though explicit security headers and cookie consent mechanisms are absent. The site demonstrates good SEO and accessibility practices. From a security perspective, the site shows a strong posture with no visible vulnerabilities or exposed sensitive data. However, improvements could be made by adding security headers, publishing a security policy, and implementing a vulnerability disclosure process. Privacy compliance is good with a comprehensive privacy policy and GDPR considerations, but cookie consent is missing. Overall, the DOI Foundation website is trustworthy, professional, and secure, serving its community effectively. The domain's WHOIS data is unavailable, likely due to privacy protection, but this is justified given the organization's role. Strategic recommendations include enhancing security headers, adding cookie consent, and publishing incident response information to further strengthen trust and compliance.

Scanned

This is an earlier scan of doi.org. View the latest report

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
53/ 100 · Medium
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

5 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Strict-Transport-Security header

      Forces HTTPS connections

      What to do: Add "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

      • CWE-319
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V3.4.1
    • High

      Missing X-Frame-Options header

      Prevents clickjacking attacks

      What to do: Add "X-Frame-Options: DENY" or "X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN"

    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…
  2. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

    • High

      No Cookie Consent Banner found

      GDPR requires explicit consent for non-essential cookies

      What to do: Implement a cookie consent banner that appears on first visit

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching doi.org

This scan found 21 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

Daily monitoring

Recommended

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
90
Security headers
15
Email security
70
DNS health
85
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
53
Average
69

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Breach exposure

Leaked credentials and lookalike domains from OffSeq Breach. The counts are free; the detailed lists are paid add-ons.

Dark web exposure

Add-on

Leaked records that mention doi.org, from OffSeq Breach.

Total records
388
Employees
0
Customers
352
Third parties
36
Weak passwords
27%

10 subdomains affected

See the 10 newest leaked credentials

A one-off add-on to this report that lists the most recent identifier and password pairs OffSeq Breach holds for doi.org.

Select it in the checkout above.

Breach keeps ingesting new leaks, so these numbers can grow between scans.

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

The DOI Foundation occupies a unique market position as the authoritative governance body for the DOI system, a critical infrastructure for persistent digital identification. Its non-profit business model focuses on community governance and standardization rather than commercial revenue. The organization serves a diverse set of sectors including scholarly publishing, entertainment, and research data, indicating broad market relevance. The website's content and linked domains suggest strong partnerships within the scholarly publishing ecosystem. The absence of commercial advertising and tracking aligns with its non-profit status and community trust focus. Growth indicators include ongoing community engagement and recognition such as the Rosenblum Award. The Foundation's operations appear stable and well-regarded within its niche.

Security posture

The website demonstrates a mature security posture with HTTPS enforced and secure form handling. No security headers were detected in the HTML content, which is a minor gap that could be addressed to improve protection against common web attacks. There is no evidence of exposed sensitive data or vulnerable libraries. The lack of a published security policy or incident response contact limits transparency and readiness communication. No vulnerability disclosure or security.txt file was found, which could be improved to encourage responsible reporting. Overall, the site is secure but could benefit from enhanced security best practices and formalized incident response documentation.

Recommendations

  1. Implement HTTP security headers such as Content-Security-Policy, Strict-Transport-Security, and X-Frame-Options to enhance protection.
  2. Add a cookie consent banner or mechanism to comply fully with privacy regulations and improve user transparency.
  3. Publish a formal security policy and incident response contact information on the website.
  4. Create and maintain a vulnerability disclosure program or security.txt file to facilitate responsible security reporting.
  5. Regularly audit third-party scripts and dependencies to ensure no vulnerabilities are introduced.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
DOI Foundation
Description
The DOI Foundation is a not-for-profit organization governing the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system on behalf of registration agencies managing DOI registries and services. It is the registration authority for the ISO standard (ISO 26324) for the DOI system.
Key services
Governance of DOI system, Registration authority for ISO 26324, Providing DOI resolution services, Community support and collaboration
Content quality
excellent
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
Hugo static site generator, Bootstrap 5.0.2, jQuery 3.6.1, Google Charts, FontAwesome 6.7.2
Frameworks
Bootstrap
Performance
fast
Mobile
good
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
85/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enforced (implied by https://doi.org usage)
  • Secure form submission to https://doi.org
  • No exposed sensitive data in HTML

Analytics and tracking

Tracking level
minimal
Privacy practices
good

Advertising

Transparency
poor

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
excellent
Navigation
excellent
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is fully accessible with rich content and interactive features.
  2. No WHOIS data available from raw output; likely privacy protected or registry restricted.
  3. No cookie consent mechanism detected despite privacy policy presence.
  4. No explicit terms of service page found.
  5. Contact information limited to general info email and contact form.
  6. No security.txt or vulnerability disclosure found.
  7. Site uses modern, secure technologies and good design practices.
  8. No advertising or tracking detected.
  9. Content is safe and suitable for general audiences.
Technical notes

Notes

The website is built on a modern, static site generator (Hugo) combined with Bootstrap for responsive design and jQuery for interactivity. Google Charts is used for dynamic data visualization. The site loads quickly and is mobile optimized with good accessibility features. The use of CDN-hosted libraries (jsdelivr, Google APIs) supports performance and reliability. No CMS vulnerabilities or outdated technologies were detected. The site lacks explicit hosting provider information but uses HTTPS with strong security implied. Technical debt appears low, and the site is well maintained with clear versioning in CSS and JS assets. Opportunities exist to improve security headers and cookie management to align with best practices.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

Earlier scans of this domain

  1. 68/100 +1Medium31 findingsView report
  2. 67/100 +5Medium32 findingsView report
  3. 62/100Medium28 findingsView report
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