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Security report for mod.uk

Royal Air Force · Government · United Kingdom

Medium risk. 4 critical or high findings in Security headers and SSL/TLS.

Security score

70/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

The Royal Air Force website serves as the official digital presence of the UK's air and space defense force, providing comprehensive information about its operations, aircraft, personnel, and community support. The site is professionally designed with a clear focus on delivering authoritative content to a broad audience including UK citizens, military personnel, and international allies. The use of modern web technologies such as Bootstrap and Mura CMS, combined with strong SEO and accessibility practices, reflects a mature digital infrastructure. Security posture is robust with HTTPS enforcement, security headers, and cookie consent mechanisms, although explicit security policies and incident response information are not publicly detailed. The absence of WHOIS data is consistent with UK Ministry of Defence domain privacy policies and does not detract from the site's legitimacy. Overall, the website demonstrates high professionalism, trustworthiness, and compliance with privacy regulations.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
83/ 100 · Low
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

4 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Strict-Transport-Security header

      Forces HTTPS connections

      What to do: Add "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

      • CWE-319
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V3.4.1
    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…

  2. SSL/TLS

    TLS encrypts the connection and proves the site is really yours. Weak or expiring certificates trigger browser warnings and put traffic at risk.

    • High

      Weak Protocols Supported

      Server supports weak protocols: TLSv1.1

      What to do: Disable TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, and all SSL versions

      • CWE-327
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V12.1.1
    • High

      Weak SSL Key Length

      SSL certificate uses 256-bit key, which is considered weak

      What to do: Use at least 2048-bit RSA or 256-bit ECC key

      • CWE-326
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • Mozilla TLS: Mozilla Server Side TLS 6.0 intermediate: rsa_key_size 2048

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching mod.uk

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
34
Security headers
35
Email security
83
DNS health
85
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
83
Average
70

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Breach exposure

Leaked credentials and lookalike domains from OffSeq Breach. The counts are free; the detailed lists are paid add-ons.

Dark web exposure

Add-on

Leaked records that mention mod.uk, from OffSeq Breach.

Total records
45,573
Employees
15
Customers
44,731
Third parties
827
Weak passwords
7%

Latest record dated 2026-04-25 · 196 subdomains affected

See the 10 newest leaked credentials

A one-off add-on to this report that lists the most recent identifier and password pairs OffSeq Breach holds for mod.uk.

Select it in the checkout above.

Masked preview

  • –apply.army.mod.uk2026-04-25
  • –lynowbx001.learn.mod.uk2026-04-21
  • –my.mod.uk2026-01-12
  • –sts.defencegateway.mod.uk2026-01-10
  • –apply.army.mod.uk2026-01-10

Breach keeps ingesting new leaks, so these numbers can grow between scans.

Open in Breach(opens in a new tab)Monitor on Breach(opens in a new tab)

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

The RAF website positions itself as a critical government entity focused on national and allied defense through air and space power. Its business model is non-commercial, centered on public service and recruitment. The site supports strategic communication, recruitment efforts, and community engagement, highlighting partnerships with NATO and other defense organizations. The presence of a dedicated recruitment subdomain indicates a structured approach to talent acquisition. The website's content and structure suggest a large enterprise with extensive resources and a strong brand identity tied to the UK government and Ministry of Defence.

Security posture

The website exhibits a strong security posture with HTTPS, multiple security headers, and a cookie consent mechanism compliant with GDPR. No vulnerabilities or exposed sensitive data were detected in the HTML content. However, the site lacks publicly accessible security policies, incident response contacts, and vulnerability disclosure programs, which are recommended best practices for transparency and trust. The use of Google Analytics and Tag Manager is balanced with privacy controls. Overall, the security maturity is high but could be enhanced by publishing more explicit security governance information.

Recommendations

  1. Publish a dedicated terms of service page to clarify user agreements.
  2. Add a publicly accessible security policy and incident response contact information.
  3. Implement and publish a vulnerability disclosure policy or security.txt file.
  4. Enhance visibility of official contact information for general and security inquiries.
  5. Regularly review and update privacy and cookie policies to maintain compliance with evolving regulations.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
Royal Air Force
Description
The RAF provides air and space power to protect the UK and our allies in an uncertain world.
Key services
Air and space defense, Global operations, Recruitment, Community support, STEM career inspiration
Content quality
excellent
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, Bootstrap, Google Tag Manager, Google Analytics, Cookiebot
Frameworks
Bootstrap
Performance
moderate
Mobile
good
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
90/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enforced
  • Cookie consent mechanism implemented
  • Use of Content Security Policy
  • No exposed sensitive data in HTML

Analytics and tracking

Services
Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager
Tracking level
moderate
Privacy practices
good

Advertising

Tracking pixels
Cookiebot
Marketing tools
Cookiebot
Transparency
good

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
excellent
Navigation
excellent
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is official Royal Air Force site under UK Ministry of Defence domain
  2. Content is rich, well-structured, and professionally presented
  3. Strong privacy and cookie consent mechanisms in place
  4. No signs of malicious or suspicious activity
  5. WHOIS data is not publicly available due to registry policy for .uk domains
  6. No direct contact emails or phone numbers found on homepage; likely available on dedicated contact pages
  7. Use of modern web technologies and CMS (Mura)
  8. Good SEO and accessibility practices observed
Technical notes

Notes

The website is built on a modern technology stack including HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, Bootstrap framework, and Mura CMS. It integrates third-party services such as Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, and Cookiebot for analytics and privacy compliance. The site demonstrates good mobile optimization and accessibility features, with responsive design and ARIA attributes. Performance is moderate, likely due to rich media content such as videos and high-resolution images. The technical implementation is solid with no visible errors or deprecated technologies, indicating ongoing maintenance and modernization efforts.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

Earlier scans of this domain

  1. 66/100Medium22 findingsView report
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