Security report for minedu.fi

Name: Dark-web exposure summary for minedu.fi
Creator: OffSeq Breach

Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö · Government · Finland

High risk. 19 critical or high findings in GDPR outside view, Network security and 2 other checks.

Security score

49/100

Risk levelHigh

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö (OKM) is the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture responsible for national policies in education, science, culture, sports, youth work, archives, museums, libraries, and religious affairs. The ministry serves Finnish citizens, educational institutions, cultural organizations, and researchers by providing policy guidance, funding, and regulatory oversight. The website reflects a mature digital presence with a modern CMS (Liferay), responsive design, and multilingual support, indicating a high level of digital maturity. Security posture is strong with HTTPS enforcement, cookie consent mechanisms, and no evident vulnerabilities, although DNSSEC is not implemented. Overall, the site is trustworthy, professionally maintained, and compliant with privacy regulations.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view: 25/ 100 · Critical
Checks completed: 7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

(a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
(b) Incident handling: One indicator
(c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
(d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
(e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
(f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
(g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
(h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
(i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
(j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

19 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

GDPR outside view
These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.
- Critical
  EU business without adequate privacy measures
  EU businesses are subject to strict GDPR requirements
  What to do: Implement comprehensive GDPR compliance including privacy policy, cookie consent, and data protection measures
- High
  No Privacy Policy found
  GDPR requires a clear and accessible privacy policy
  What to do: Add a comprehensive privacy policy page and link to it prominently
  References
  - GDPR Art. 12
  - GDPR Art. 13
  - NIST PT-5: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 PT-5: Privacy Notice
- High
  No Cookie Policy found
  GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage
  What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes
  References
  - ePrivacy Art. 5(3)
- High
  Third-party services without privacy policy
  Detected services: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube
  What to do: Document all third-party data sharing in your privacy policy
  References
  - GDPR Art. 13(1)(e)
Network security
Services reachable from the internet are the first thing attackers probe. Anything open that does not need to be should be closed.
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: Telnet
  Port 23 (Telnet) is publicly accessible - Telnet - Unencrypted remote access
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to Telnet using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: SMB
  Port 445 (SMB) is publicly accessible - SMB - Windows file sharing, high risk
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to SMB using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: MSSQL
  Port 1433 (MSSQL) is publicly accessible - MSSQL - Database server
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to MSSQL using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: Oracle
  Port 1521 (Oracle) is publicly accessible - Oracle - Database server
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to Oracle using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: MySQL
  Port 3306 (MySQL) is publicly accessible - MySQL - Database server
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to MySQL using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: RDP
  Port 3389 (RDP) is publicly accessible - RDP - Remote Desktop, prime ransomware target
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to RDP using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: PostgreSQL
  Port 5432 (PostgreSQL) is publicly accessible - PostgreSQL - Database server
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to PostgreSQL using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: Redis
  Port 6379 (Redis) is publicly accessible - Redis - In-memory database
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to Redis using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- Critical
  Critical Service Exposed: MongoDB
  Port 27017 (MongoDB) is publicly accessible - MongoDB - NoSQL database
  What to do: Immediately restrict access to MongoDB using firewall or VPN
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- High
  High-Risk Service Exposed: FTP
  Port 21 (FTP) is publicly accessible - FTP - Often unencrypted file transfer
  What to do: Consider restricting access to FTP or implementing strong authentication
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- High
  High-Risk Service Exposed: RPC
  Port 135 (RPC) is publicly accessible - RPC - Windows RPC endpoint
  What to do: Consider restricting access to RPC or implementing strong authentication
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- High
  High-Risk Service Exposed: NetBIOS
  Port 139 (NetBIOS) is publicly accessible - NetBIOS - Windows file sharing
  What to do: Consider restricting access to NetBIOS or implementing strong authentication
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
- High
  High-Risk Service Exposed: Elasticsearch
  Port 9200 (Elasticsearch) is publicly accessible - Elasticsearch - Search engine
  What to do: Consider restricting access to Elasticsearch or implementing strong authentication
  References
  - NIS2 21(2)(e)
  - IR 2024/2690 6.7.2(f): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 6.7.2(f): Network security
  - NIST CM-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 CM-7: Least Functionality
  - NIST SC-7: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-7: Boundary Protection
Security headers
Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.
- High
  Missing Content-Security-Policy header
  Controls resources the browser is allowed to load
  What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application
  References
  - ASVS V3.4.3
  - OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…
SSL/TLS
TLS encrypts the connection and proves the site is really yours. Weak or expiring certificates trigger browser warnings and put traffic at risk.
- High
  Weak Protocols Supported
  Server supports weak protocols: TLSv1.1
  What to do: Disable TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, and all SSL versions
  References
  - CWE-327
  - OWASP A04:2025
  - ASVS V12.1.1
  - RFC 8996
  - RFC 7568
  - Mozilla TLS: Mozilla Server Side TLS 6.0 intermediate: tls_versions TLSv1.2, TLSv1.3
  - NIS2 21(2)(h)
  - IR 2024/2690 9.2(b): Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690, Annex point 9.2(b): Cryptography
  - NIST SC-8(1): NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 SC-8(1): Cryptographic Protection

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DNS records
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Security headers
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Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS: 72
Security headers: 60
Email security: 70
DNS health: 85
Network security: 0
GDPR outside view: 25
Average: 52
After the cap: 49

Not counted

NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

The certificate is not trusted by browsers
The website is not served over HTTPS
A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet · found on this site
The page loads a script from a compromised source
The domain registration has expired
SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

Critical0–25
High26–49
Medium50–75
Low76–100

Breach exposure

Leaked credentials and lookalike domains from OffSeq Breach. The counts are free; the detailed lists are paid add-ons.

Dark web exposure

Add-on

Leaked records that mention minedu.fi, from OffSeq Breach.

Total records: 16
Employees: 0
Customers: 0
Third parties: 16
Weak passwords: 0%

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Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

OKM holds a key position as a government entity shaping Finland's education and cultural landscape. Its business model is public service-oriented, funded by the government, focusing on policy implementation and public communication. The ministry's website acts as an information hub and communication channel, supported by official social media accounts. The domain age and WHOIS data confirm legitimacy and long-term presence. The ministry's partnerships include other government agencies and cultural institutions, enhancing its ecosystem. The site content is rich and relevant, targeting a broad audience including students, educators, and the general public.

Security posture

The website demonstrates a solid security posture with HTTPS enabled and likely standard security headers in place. No exposed sensitive data or vulnerable libraries were detected in the HTML content. Cookie consent is implemented, supporting GDPR compliance. However, explicit security policies and incident response contacts are not found, and DNSSEC is not enabled, representing areas for improvement. The absence of a vulnerability disclosure policy or security.txt file limits transparency in security incident handling. Overall, the site is secure but could enhance trust by publishing more detailed security governance information.

Recommendations

Enable DNSSEC to improve DNS security and prevent spoofing.
Publish a clear security policy and incident response contact information on the website.
Implement a vulnerability disclosure program or security.txt file to encourage responsible reporting.
Ensure all recommended security headers are explicitly set and documented.
Maintain and regularly update privacy and cookie policies to reflect evolving regulations.

Contact details published on the site

Addresses

Vapaudenkatu 58, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland (map, opens in a new tab)

Legal name

Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö

Registration number

0245872-8

Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö
Description: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön vastuulle kuuluvat valtioneuvostossa tiede, koulutus ja varhaiskasvatus; taide, kulttuuri, liikunta ja nuorisotyö; arkisto-, museo- ja yleinen kirjastotoimi; evankelis-luterilainen kirkko, ortodoksinen kirkkokunta sekä muut uskonnolliset yhdyskunnat; opintotuki ja tekijänoikeus.
Key services: Education policy and administration, Cultural affairs, Research and development, Library and museum services, Religious community affairs, Student financial aid, Copyright administration
Content quality: excellent
Branding: consistent

Technology

Stack: JavaScript, jQuery, Liferay Portal, React, Clay UI, Metal.js
Frameworks: Liferay, Clay UI
Platforms: Web
Performance: moderate
Mobile: good
Accessibility: good
SEO: good

Security

Observed score

85/100

Good practices seen

HTTPS enforced
No exposed emails in HTML
Cookie consent banner implemented
Use of secure external links with rel attributes

Analytics and tracking

Tracking level: minimal
Privacy practices: good

Advertising

Transparency: poor

Site quality

Design: excellent
User experience: excellent
Content relevance: excellent
Navigation: excellent
Professionalism: excellent
Trustworthiness: high

Key observations

Website is an official Finnish government ministry site
Content is comprehensive and well-structured
Multiple language options available
Social media presence on major platforms
Cookie consent and privacy policies are implemented
No signs of malicious or suspicious activity
Modern web technologies and CMS used
No exposed sensitive information or security issues detected

Technical notes

Notes

The website is built on the Liferay CMS platform, utilizing modern JavaScript libraries including React and Clay UI components. The technology stack supports responsive design and accessibility features, contributing to a good user experience across devices. Hosting appears to be managed by the Finnish government IT center (Valtori), ensuring reliable infrastructure. Performance is moderate, with lazy loading of images and efficient resource management. The site uses multiple external domains for government-related content and social media integration. Technical debt appears low, but opportunities exist to enhance security configurations and publish more comprehensive technical documentation.

Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

OWASP Top 10:2025 (opens in a new tab)2025 (membership per CWE 4.20) · CC BY-SA 4.0
OWASP ASVS (opens in a new tab)5.0.0 · CC BY-SA 4.0
OWASP Web Security Testing Guide (opens in a new tab)latest (checklist.json, master) · CC BY-SA 4.0
OWASP Secure Headers Project (opens in a new tab)2026-10-18 · Apache-2.0
Mozilla Server Side TLS (intermediate) (opens in a new tab)6.0 · MPL-2.0
NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5 (OSCAL catalog) (opens in a new tab)5.2.0 · Public domain (US Government work)
Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2) (opens in a new tab)OJ L 333, 27.12.2022 · EUR-Lex reuse under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU (© European Union)
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 (opens in a new tab)OJ L, 18.10.2024 · EUR-Lex reuse under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU (© European Union)
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR) (opens in a new tab)OJ L 119, 4.5.2016 · EUR-Lex reuse under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU (© European Union)
Directive 2002/58/EC (ePrivacy), consolidated (opens in a new tab)19.12.2009 · EUR-Lex reuse under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU (© European Union)
RFC Editor metadata (opens in a new tab)per-RFC (obsolete RFCs rejected) · IETF Trust Legal Provisions (metadata only)
NIST CSRC, W3C TR, IETF Datatracker, EDPB, EUR-Lex CELLAR and gesetze-bayern.de (opens in a new tab)per document · Titles and links only
W3C WCAG 2.2 (opens in a new tab)W3C Recommendation (wcag.json) · W3C Software and Document License
Directive (EU) 2019/882 (European Accessibility Act) (opens in a new tab)OJ L 151, 7.6.2019 · EUR-Lex reuse under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU (© European Union)
Directive (EU) 2016/2102 (Web Accessibility Directive) (opens in a new tab)OJ L 327, 2.12.2016 · EUR-Lex reuse under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU (© European Union)

Retrieved 2026-10-25

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Priority findings

GDPR outside view

EU business without adequate privacy measures

No Privacy Policy found

No Cookie Policy found

Third-party services without privacy policy

Network security

Critical Service Exposed: Telnet

Critical Service Exposed: SMB

Critical Service Exposed: MSSQL

Critical Service Exposed: Oracle

Critical Service Exposed: MySQL

Critical Service Exposed: RDP

Critical Service Exposed: PostgreSQL

Critical Service Exposed: Redis

Critical Service Exposed: MongoDB

High-Risk Service Exposed: FTP

High-Risk Service Exposed: RPC

High-Risk Service Exposed: NetBIOS

High-Risk Service Exposed: Elasticsearch

Security headers

Missing Content-Security-Policy header

SSL/TLS

Weak Protocols Supported