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Security report for toss.im

Viva Republica · Finance · South Korea

Medium risk. 6 critical or high findings in Security headers, GDPR outside view and 1 other check.

Security score

67/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

Toss.im is the official website of Viva Republica, a leading fintech company in South Korea offering a comprehensive mobile financial services platform. The website presents a professional and modern interface primarily in Korean, targeting general consumers seeking easy and convenient financial transactions such as payments and money transfers. The company holds a strong market position in the South Korean fintech sector with a large user base. Technically, the website leverages modern web technologies including React and Next.js, hosted on AWS infrastructure, and integrates analytics tools like Google Analytics and Hotjar for user behavior insights. The site is well optimized for performance, mobile responsiveness, and accessibility, reflecting a mature digital infrastructure. Security posture is solid with HTTPS enforced and no visible sensitive data exposure; however, explicit security headers and published security policies are absent, representing areas for improvement. Privacy compliance is limited due to missing visible privacy and cookie policies and consent mechanisms. WHOIS data confirms domain legitimacy and consistency with the company's identity. Overall, the site is trustworthy and professional but would benefit from enhanced transparency in privacy and security governance.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
70/ 100 · Medium
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

6 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Strict-Transport-Security header

      Forces HTTPS connections

      What to do: Add "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

      • CWE-319
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V3.4.1
    • High

      Missing X-Frame-Options header

      Prevents clickjacking attacks

      What to do: Add "X-Frame-Options: DENY" or "X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN"

    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…

  2. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

    • High

      No Cookie Consent Banner found

      GDPR requires explicit consent for non-essential cookies

      What to do: Implement a cookie consent banner that appears on first visit

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching toss.im

This scan found 24 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

Daily monitoring

Recommended

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
67
Security headers
15
Email security
70
DNS health
80
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
70
Average
67

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

Viva Republica operates Toss as a financial services platform focused on simplifying all aspects of finance for consumers in South Korea. The business model centers on mobile payments, peer-to-peer transfers, and financial product offerings, targeting a broad consumer audience. The company benefits from strong brand recognition and a consistent digital presence. Revenue streams likely include transaction fees, partnerships, and financial product commissions. The website's integration with AWS and modern frameworks indicates a scalable and robust technical ecosystem. The absence of explicit privacy and security policies online suggests a potential gap in compliance communication, which could impact user trust and regulatory adherence. The company maintains a clean WHOIS record with no privacy protection, supporting transparency. No suspicious domains or partners were identified from the website content. The presence of official social media links, such as Twitter, supports active engagement and brand credibility.

Security posture

The website enforces HTTPS with an excellent SSL configuration, ensuring encrypted communications. While no explicit security headers were detected in the provided HTML, the use of modern frameworks and absence of exposed sensitive data indicate good baseline security practices. The site integrates third-party analytics and tracking tools, which require careful privacy management. No visible forms or input fields were found in the homepage HTML to assess input sanitization or secure data handling. The lack of published security policies, incident response contacts, or vulnerability disclosure mechanisms limits transparency and preparedness perception. WHOIS data and DNS configuration via AWS name servers are consistent with a legitimate and professionally managed domain. Recommendations include adding security headers, publishing security and privacy policies, and establishing clear incident response channels to enhance security posture and compliance.

Recommendations

  1. Publish comprehensive privacy and cookie policies with clear GDPR compliance statements and consent mechanisms.
  2. Implement and expose security headers such as Content-Security-Policy, X-Content-Type-Options, and Strict-Transport-Security.
  3. Provide a publicly accessible security policy and incident response contact information including abuse and security email addresses.
  4. Establish a vulnerability disclosure program or security.txt file to encourage responsible reporting.
  5. Enhance transparency by including verified company contact information such as emails and phone numbers on the website.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
Viva Republica
Description
금융의 모든 것, 토스에서 쉽고 간편하게
Key services
mobile payments, financial transactions, money transfers
Content quality
good
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
React, Next.js, AWS, Hotjar, Google Analytics, Polyfill
Frameworks
React, Next.js
Platforms
Web
Performance
fast
Mobile
excellent
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
85/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enabled
  • Use of modern JS frameworks
  • No visible exposed sensitive data

Analytics and tracking

Services
Google Analytics, Hotjar
Tracking level
moderate
Privacy practices
poor

Advertising

Tracking pixels
Hotjar
Marketing tools
Hotjar
Transparency
basic

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
good
Navigation
good
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is fully accessible with no blocking or WAF challenges.
  2. Content is primarily in Korean language targeting South Korean users.
  3. Strong branding and professional design consistent with a major fintech company.
  4. Use of modern web technologies and analytics tools.
  5. Lack of visible privacy, cookie, and terms of service policies reduces privacy compliance score.
  6. No explicit contact information or security policies found on the homepage HTML.
  7. WHOIS data supports legitimacy and consistent domain registration.
Technical notes

Notes

The website is built using React and Next.js frameworks, indicating a modern and maintainable front-end architecture. Hosting on AWS with multiple AWS DNS name servers suggests a scalable and reliable infrastructure. The site loads multiple CSS and JS assets asynchronously and defers scripts to optimize performance. Integration of Google Tag Manager and Hotjar enables advanced analytics and user behavior tracking. The site is mobile optimized with responsive design and accessibility features evident in CSS and meta tags. SEO is supported by comprehensive meta tags including Open Graph and Twitter cards. No CMS was detected, implying a custom or headless architecture. Performance is likely fast given the use of CDNs and asset optimization. Technical risks include the absence of explicit security headers and missing privacy compliance artifacts, which should be addressed to reduce compliance and security risks.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

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