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Security report for epaponline.eu

European Lung Foundation · Healthcare · N/a

Medium risk. 6 critical or high findings in Security headers, GDPR outside view and 2 other checks.

Security score

56/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

The EPAP website is a professionally maintained online platform operated by the European Lung Foundation, offering free educational resources and training for patients and carers with chronic conditions. It serves as a community and knowledge base to empower patient ambassadors in healthcare representation. The site is well-structured with clear navigation and relevant content targeting healthcare stakeholders and patients. Technically, the website employs standard web technologies including jQuery, Google Analytics, and Google Tag Manager. It uses HTTPS for secure communication but lacks advanced security headers and a cookie consent mechanism, which are areas for improvement. The site is mobile optimized and performs moderately well, though some modernization of libraries is recommended. From a security perspective, the site shows a basic but acceptable posture with no visible vulnerabilities or exposed sensitive data. However, the absence of explicit security policies, incident response contacts, and vulnerability disclosure mechanisms indicates room for maturity. The WHOIS data is unavailable, likely due to privacy protection, but the association with a reputable organization supports legitimacy. Overall, the website is trustworthy and serves its educational mission effectively, though enhancements in privacy compliance and security best practices would strengthen its risk profile and user trust.

Scanned

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
53/ 100 · Medium
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

6 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing X-Frame-Options header

      Prevents clickjacking attacks

      What to do: Add "X-Frame-Options: DENY" or "X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN"

    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…

  2. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

    • High

      No Cookie Consent Banner found

      GDPR requires explicit consent for non-essential cookies

      What to do: Implement a cookie consent banner that appears on first visit

  3. Email security

    SPF, DKIM and DMARC stop others sending email that looks like it comes from your domain, a common route to phishing and invoice fraud.

    • High

      No DMARC record found

      DMARC provides email authentication and reporting

      What to do: Add DMARC record: "v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:dmarc@yourdomain.com"

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching epaponline.eu

This scan found 22 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

Daily monitoring

Recommended

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

Email alerts on material changes and an exportable JSON history of every change.

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
62
Security headers
35
Email security
65
DNS health
80
Network security
40
GDPR outside view
53
Average
56

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

EPAP operates as a non-profit healthcare education platform under the European Lung Foundation umbrella. Its market positioning leverages established partnerships and a clear focus on patient empowerment. The business model centers on free online courses and community engagement rather than commercial revenue streams. Target customers are patients, carers, and healthcare advocates. The partnership ecosystem includes recognized health research and lung organizations, enhancing credibility. Growth indicators include active content updates and social media presence. Strategic observations suggest focusing on compliance and security improvements to maintain trust and expand reach.

Security posture

The website demonstrates a foundational security posture with HTTPS enabled and no apparent data leaks. However, the lack of security headers such as Content Security Policy, HSTS, and X-Frame-Options reduces defense-in-depth. The use of an outdated jQuery version could expose the site to known vulnerabilities. No published incident response or vulnerability disclosure policies limit transparency and preparedness. GDPR compliance is partially addressed via a privacy policy but lacks cookie consent mechanisms. Overall, the security maturity is moderate, suitable for a non-commercial educational site but requiring enhancements to meet higher standards.

Recommendations

  1. Implement comprehensive security headers including CSP, HSTS, and X-Frame-Options to improve protection against common web attacks.
  2. Add a cookie consent banner and explicit cookie policy to enhance GDPR compliance and user privacy transparency.
  3. Upgrade JavaScript libraries such as jQuery to the latest secure versions to mitigate known vulnerabilities.
  4. Publish clear security policies and incident response contacts to improve transparency and readiness.
  5. Enhance accessibility features and SEO optimization to improve user experience and site discoverability.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
European Lung Foundation
Description
EPAP is a free online programme designed to equip patients and carers with skills and knowledge to represent themselves or others effectively in healthcare. It is run by the European Lung Foundation and targets patients with chronic conditions.
Key services
Online patient ambassador training, Community engagement, Information dissemination, Patient involvement opportunities
Content quality
good
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
jQuery 1.9.1, Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, Modernizr 2.6.2
Performance
moderate
Mobile
good
Accessibility
basic
SEO
basic

Security

Observed score
70/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enabled
  • No exposed sensitive data in HTML

Analytics and tracking

Services
Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager
Tracking level
moderate
Privacy practices
basic

Advertising

Transparency
basic

Site quality

Design
good
User experience
good
Content relevance
good
Navigation
good
Professionalism
good
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is fully accessible with no blocking or WAF challenges.
  2. WHOIS data is unavailable due to malformed request; no registrar or creation dates extracted.
  3. Site uses HTTPS and standard analytics tools.
  4. No explicit privacy or cookie consent banner detected, though privacy policy is present.
  5. Contact is via a contact page with a form; no direct emails or phone numbers found in HTML.
  6. Site content is focused on patient education and involvement in healthcare.
  7. No security.txt or vulnerability disclosure policy found.
  8. No explicit security certifications or incident response information published.
  9. Site branding is consistent and professional.
  10. External links mostly to trusted domains and partners.
Technical notes

Notes

The website uses a traditional tech stack with jQuery 1.9.1, Google Analytics, and Google Tag Manager for tracking. Modernizr is used for feature detection. The site lacks a detected CMS, suggesting a custom or lightweight platform. Performance is moderate with no major issues but could benefit from optimization. Mobile responsiveness is good, though accessibility is basic. SEO meta tags are minimal, and no structured data (JSON-LD or Open Graph) was found beyond basic meta tags. Hosting provider details are not discernible from the content. Technical debt is indicated by outdated libraries and missing security headers.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

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