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Security report for doi.org

DOI Foundation · Non-profit · N/a

Medium risk. 5 critical or high findings in Security headers and GDPR outside view.

Security score

67/100

Risk levelMedium

0–100, higher is better. How it is calculated

The DOI Foundation is a reputable non-profit organization responsible for governing the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system globally. It serves as the registration authority for the ISO 26324 standard and supports a diverse community of registration agencies across scholarly publishing, entertainment, standards, and other sectors. The website reflects a professional and authoritative presence with comprehensive information about the organization, its community, and the DOI system. Technically, the site is built using modern technologies including Bootstrap, jQuery, Google Charts, and Hugo static site generator, ensuring fast performance, mobile optimization, and good accessibility. Security posture is solid with HTTPS enforced and secure form handling, though some security headers and explicit policies could be improved. Privacy compliance is good with a clear privacy policy but lacks a cookie consent mechanism. Overall, the site demonstrates high trustworthiness and professionalism, with minimal tracking and no suspicious content.

Scanned

This is an earlier scan of doi.org. View the latest report

NIS2 and GDPR posture

GDPR outside view
53/ 100 · Medium
Checks completed
7of 7

NIS2 Art. 21(2)

  1. (a) Risk analysis and security policies: Not visible from outside
  2. (b) Incident handling: One indicator
  3. (c) Business continuity, backups and crisis management: Not visible from outside
  4. (d) Supply chain security: Not visible from outside
  5. (e) Secure acquisition, development and maintenance, including vulnerability handling: Partly checked
  6. (f) Assessing the effectiveness of security measures: Not visible from outside
  7. (g) Cyber hygiene and security training: Not visible from outside
  8. (h) Cryptography and encryption: Partly checked
  9. (i) HR security, access control and asset management: One indicator
  10. (j) Multi-factor authentication and secured communications: Not visible from outside

This scan rated NIS2 with an earlier keyword method that is no longer shown; rescan for the per-article view. Risk management, continuity, supply chain, training, MFA, management oversight (Art. 20) and incident reporting (Art. 23) need internal evidence, and Guard cannot tell whether NIS2 applies to this organisation.

GDPR is indicative only, based on publicly visible signals: Articles 7, 12, 13 and 32 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive. Not a certification or legal assessment.

Priority findings

5 findings rated critical or high. Fix these first.

  1. Security headers

    Security headers are instructions your web server sends to every visitor’s browser. Missing ones leave visitors more exposed to attacks such as clickjacking and injected scripts.

    • High

      Missing Strict-Transport-Security header

      Forces HTTPS connections

      What to do: Add "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload"

      • CWE-319
      • OWASP A04:2025
      • ASVS V3.4.1
    • High

      Missing X-Frame-Options header

      Prevents clickjacking attacks

      What to do: Add "X-Frame-Options: DENY" or "X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN"

    • High

      Missing Content-Security-Policy header

      Controls resources the browser is allowed to load

      What to do: Implement a Content-Security-Policy appropriate for your application

      • ASVS V3.4.3
      • OWASP Secure Headers: OWASP Secure Headers Project recommends Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; object-src 'none';…
  2. GDPR outside view

    These are the privacy signals visitors and data protection authorities look for under GDPR.

    • High

      No Cookie Policy found

      GDPR requires clear information about cookie usage

      What to do: Add a dedicated cookie policy explaining cookie usage and purposes

    • High

      No Cookie Consent Banner found

      GDPR requires explicit consent for non-essential cookies

      What to do: Implement a cookie consent banner that appears on first visit

Need hands-on remediation? Email guard@offseq.com

Keep watching doi.org

This scan found 23 issues across 6 checks. Monitoring re-runs those checks daily, emails you when something material changes and records each fix, so you can show progress.

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  • TLS certificates and expiry
  • DNS records
  • SPF, DKIM and DMARC
  • Security headers
  • GDPR and NIS2 posture
  • Exposed services
  • Third-party trackers
  • Security score drift

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Results by check

Each check with its score, findings and the evidence it collected.

How this score is calculated

The security score runs 0–100, higher is better. It is the plain average of the security checks that completed in this scan, each counted equally. A check that could not run is left out: it counts neither as a pass nor as a fail.

Counted in this score

SSL/TLS
85
Security headers
15
Email security
70
DNS health
80
Network security
100
GDPR outside view
53
Average
67

Not counted

  • NIS2 outside view: Re-weights evidence from the TLS, email, DNS, network and hygiene checks, so counting it would count that evidence twice. Shown on its own.
  • OffSeq Observations: An AI reading of the site, useful context but not reproducible evidence. Shown on its own.

Findings that cap the score at 49

Each of these is serious on its own, so while any is present the site cannot rate better than high risk, however good the other checks are.

  • The certificate is not trusted by browsers
  • The website is not served over HTTPS
  • A database, remote desktop, file-sharing or Telnet service is reachable from the internet
  • The page loads a script from a compromised source
  • The domain registration has expired
  • SPF authorises every server to send mail as the domain

Partial scans

When the site blocks Guard or most checks cannot run, the score covers only the checks that ran (usually DNS and email), is capped at 75 and is shown as partial, without a risk level.

Risk levels

  • Critical0–25
  • High26–49
  • Medium50–75
  • Low76–100

Breach exposure

Leaked credentials and lookalike domains from OffSeq Breach. The counts are free; the detailed lists are paid add-ons.

Dark web exposure

Add-on

Leaked records that mention doi.org, from OffSeq Breach.

Total records
388
Employees
0
Customers
352
Third parties
36
Weak passwords
27%

10 subdomains affected

See the 10 newest leaked credentials

A one-off add-on to this report that lists the most recent identifier and password pairs OffSeq Breach holds for doi.org.

Select it in the checkout above.

Breach keeps ingesting new leaks, so these numbers can grow between scans.

Technical appendix

Business context, site observations and technical notes gathered during the scan, and the standards behind each reference.

Business context

Business profile

The DOI Foundation occupies a unique market position as the authoritative governance body for the DOI system, a critical infrastructure for persistent digital identifiers. Its non-profit business model focuses on standardization, community support, and infrastructure governance rather than commercial revenue. The target audience includes registration agencies, scholarly publishers, research data managers, and other sectors requiring persistent identifiers. The organization benefits from strong trust signals such as ISO standard authority, trademark ownership, and a professional online presence. Partnerships with standards bodies and scholarly communities further strengthen its ecosystem. Growth indicators include expanding DOI applications beyond scholarly publishing into entertainment and other domains. The website content and linked domains reflect a focused and credible operation with no commercial distractions.

Security posture

The website demonstrates a mature security posture with HTTPS enforced and secure form submissions. No exposed sensitive data or vulnerable libraries were detected in the HTML content. However, the absence of explicit security headers such as Content-Security-Policy and Strict-Transport-Security is a minor gap. There is no published security policy or incident response contact information, which could be improved to enhance transparency and readiness. Privacy compliance is good, but the lack of a cookie consent mechanism is a compliance risk under GDPR. No vulnerability disclosure or security.txt files were found, limiting external security collaboration. Overall, the security posture is strong for a non-profit infrastructure organization but could benefit from formalized policies and additional technical controls.

Recommendations

  1. Implement and enforce security headers including Content-Security-Policy, X-Frame-Options, and Strict-Transport-Security to enhance protection against common web attacks.
  2. Add a cookie consent banner or mechanism to comply with GDPR and other privacy regulations.
  3. Publish a clear security policy and incident response contact information to improve transparency and trust.
  4. Consider establishing a vulnerability disclosure program and publishing a security.txt file to encourage responsible reporting of security issues.
  5. Enhance contact information with additional verified channels such as phone numbers or dedicated support emails to improve user trust and support.
Site observations

Automated reading of the public site. Ratings are indicative.

Business

Company
DOI Foundation
Description
The DOI Foundation is a not-for-profit organization governing the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system on behalf of agencies managing DOI registries. It acts as the registration authority for the ISO standard (ISO 26324) for the DOI system and supports communities across scholarly research, entertainment, standards, and more.
Key services
Governance of DOI system, Registration authority for ISO 26324, Support and coordination of registration agencies, DOI resolution services
Content quality
excellent
Branding
consistent

Technology

Stack
Bootstrap 5.0.2, jQuery 3.6.1, Google Charts, FontAwesome 6.7.2, Hugo 0.149.0 (static site generator)
Frameworks
Bootstrap
Performance
fast
Mobile
excellent
Accessibility
good
SEO
good

Security

Observed score
85/100
Good practices seen
  • HTTPS enforced (implied by https://doi.org usage)
  • No exposed sensitive data in HTML
  • Secure form submission to https://doi.org

Analytics and tracking

Tracking level
minimal
Privacy practices
good

Advertising

Transparency
poor

Site quality

Design
excellent
User experience
excellent
Content relevance
excellent
Navigation
excellent
Professionalism
excellent
Trustworthiness
high

Key observations

  1. Website is fully accessible with rich content and interactive features
  2. No signs of blocking or WAF challenges
  3. WHOIS data is unavailable due to privacy protection and malformed query
  4. Strong branding and consistent design throughout site
  5. No cookie consent mechanism detected despite privacy policy presence
  6. No explicit security or incident response policies published
  7. Minimal external tracking or advertising detected
  8. Contact information limited to generic info@doi.org email and contact form
Technical notes

Notes

The website is built on a modern and performant technology stack including Bootstrap 5, jQuery 3.6.1, Google Charts for data visualization, and Hugo static site generator for content management. This combination ensures fast loading times, mobile responsiveness, and good accessibility. External resources are loaded from reputable CDNs such as jsdelivr and Google APIs. The site uses FontAwesome for iconography and includes structured navigation with dropdown menus. The DOI resolution form posts securely to https://doi.org. No CMS vulnerabilities or outdated libraries were detected. The site lacks some advanced SEO meta tags and structured data but maintains good basic SEO practices. Overall, the technical implementation is robust and well-suited for the organization's needs.
Standards and sources

Reference chips under each finding point to the standard, regulation or specification the finding relates to. They are taken from the official datasets below and mapped conservatively: a finding with no defensible link shows none. NIS2 and GDPR references mark where a finding is relevant evidence, not a compliance verdict. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2690 binds digital infrastructure and digital service providers; for other entities it is the most detailed public reading of the Article 21 measures. WCAG, EN 301 549, European Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive references name the requirement an automated accessibility rule relates to; they are not a conformance verdict.

Retrieved 2026-10-25

Earlier scans of this domain

  1. 68/100 −1Medium31 findingsView report
  2. 69/100 +7Medium30 findingsView report
  3. 62/100Medium28 findingsView report
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